compiled the catalog of human-specific genomic features U.S., M.K., N.H., J.M., J.Ke., K.P., and R.E.G. organized and performed nine sequencing runs on the Illumina platform at the Broad Institute M.K. organized and coordinated sequence production on the 454 platform C.N., E.S.L., C.R., and N.N. performed and coordinated DNA sequencing on the 454 and Illumina platforms J.A. designed the restriction enzyme enrichment method A.A.-P., A.B., B.Hb., B.Hff., M.Sg., R.S., A.W., J.A., M.E., and M.K. developed the DNA extraction and library preparation protocols and performed laboratory work prior to sequencing K.P. collected and analyzed fossil samples J.Kr., T.M., A.W.B., and M.M. developed the initial project strategies J.Kr. coordinated bioinformatic aspects R.E.G., J.Kr., A.W.B., M.E., and S.P.

coordinated population genetic analyses R.E.G. conceived and coordinated the project D.R. by a Burroughs Wellcome Career Development Award in the Biomedical Sciences. were supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health and D.R. was supported by a Janggen-Pöhn fellowship N.F.H. were supported in part by grant GM40282 A.-S.M. was supported by a grant from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación E.Y.D. We are grateful to the Max Planck Society, and particularly the Presidential Innovation Fund, for making this project possible. HGDP sequence data have been deposited at EBI under STUDY accession ERP000121, alias Human Genome Diversity Project. Neandertal bone extract sequence data have been deposited at European Bioinformatics Institute under STUDY accession ERP000119, alias Neandertal Genome project. Finstermeier for expert graphical design.

Dabney for editorial assistance the Genome Center at Washington University for prepublication use of the orangutan genome assembly and K. Janković for assistance with the Vindija collection S. Rubin for input leading up to this project O. Chang for nine Illumina sequencing runs performed at the Broad Institute J. for production sequencing on the 454 platform S. Mullikin, Montgomery Slatkin, Rasmus Nielsen, Janet Kelso, Michael Lachmann, David Reich, and Svante Pääbo Show Fewer Eichler, Daniel Falush, Ewan Birney, James C. Golovanova, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Marco de la Rasilla, Javier Fortea, Antonio Rosas, Ralf W. Lander, Carsten Russ, Nathaniel Novod, Jason Affourtit, Michael Egholm, Christine Verna, Pavao Rudan, Dejana Brajkovic, Željko Kucan, Ivan Gušic, Vladimir B. Good, Rigo Schultz, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Anne Butthof, Barbara Höber, Barbara Höffner, Madlen Siegemund, Antje Weihmann, Chad Nusbaum, Eric S. Jensen, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Can Alkan, Kay Prüfer, Matthias Meyer, Hernán A. Durand, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, Jeffrey D. Briggs, Tomislav Maricic, Udo Stenzel, Martin Kircher, Nick Patterson, … Show All …, Heng Li, Weiwei Zhai, Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz, Nancy F.

Rough draft meme